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Evaluation of the modulus of soil reaction E`, and its variation with depth
Hartley, James D.; Duncan, James M.
UCB/GT-82-02, University of California, Berkeley, Geotechnical Engineering, 1982-06, PDF (1.8 MB)
The modulus of soil reaction, E`, characterizes the stiffness of soil backfill placed at the sides of the buried pipelines. The reports reviews the development of E` in the literature and presents field data to establish that E` can be shown to increase with depth. Design values of E` are presented which vary with depth together with recommendations regarding the use of E` in the Iowa formula.
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