I. CAUSES OR SOURCES OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
A. Damage Due to Ground Failure
1. Damage Due to Surface Faulting
1.1 Railroads
1.2 Irrigation Channels
1.3 Bridges
1.4 Lifelines
1.5 Buildings
2. Damage Due to Liquefaction
2.1 1964 Alaska Earthquake
2.2 1964 Niigata Earthquake
2.3 1977 Caucete Earthquake
2.4 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu Earthquake
B. Damage due to Ground Shaking
1. Sliding of Superstructure on its Foundation
1.1 1983 Coalinga Earthquake
1.2 1971 San Fernando Earthquake
2. Damage Due to Structural Vibration
2.1 Wood-Frame Houses
2.2 Masonry Structures
2.3 Concrete Structures
2.4 Steel Structures II. EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION
A. Introductory Remarks
B. Importance of Construction and Maintenance
C. Comprehensive Approach to Earthquake-Resistant Construction
D. Importance of Conseptual Design III. GUIDELINES FOR ACHIEVING EFFICIENT SEISMIC-
RESISTANT DESIGN
A. Integral Action of the Soil-Foundation-Superstructure System
1. Importance of Integral Action of Foundation (Substructure)
1.1 Pile Foundations
1.2 Damage to Bridge Foundations and Supports
2. Need for Tying Together the Superstructure
B. Selection of Proper System & Configuration for the Superstructure
1. Building Should be Light
2. Simplicity, Symmetry, Regularity
3. Uniform Distribution of Mass, Stiffness, Strength & Ductility
3.1 Retrofitting Buildings with Soft Stories
4. Non-Structural Components Isolated from or Integrated with
the Structural System
5. Multiple Defense Lines
6. Balanced Stiffness, Strength and Ductility between Member,
Connections and Supports IV. IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS V. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
A. Recent Developments in Seismic Design and Construction VI. REFERENCES VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
